¿QUE SIGNIFICA LA ABREVIATURA USB?

El Universal Serial Bus (bus universal en serie) o Conductor Universal en Serie (CUS), abreviado comúnmente USB, es un puerto que sirve para conectar periféricos a una computadora. Fue creado en 1996 por siete empresas: IBM, Intel, Northern Telecom, Compaq, Microsoft, Digital Equipment Corporation y NEC.

El estándar incluye la transmisión de energía eléctrica al dispositivo conectado. Algunos dispositivos requieren una potencia mínima, así que se pueden conectar varios sin necesitar fuentes de alimentación extra. La gran mayoría de los concentradores incluyen fuentes de alimentación que brindan energía a los dispositivos conectados a ellos, pero algunos dispositivos consumen tanta energía que necesitan su propia fuente de alimentación. Los concentradores con fuente de alimentación pueden proporcionarle corriente eléctrica a otros dispositivos sin quitarle corriente al resto de la conexión (dentro de ciertos límites).

El diseño del USB tenía en mente eliminar la necesidad de adquirir tarjetas separadas para poner en los puertos bus ISA o PCI, y mejorar las capacidades plug-and-play permitiendo a esos dispositivos ser conectados o desconectados al sistema sin necesidad de reiniciar. Sin embargo, en aplicaciones donde se necesita ancho de banda para grandes transferencias de datos, o si se necesita una latencia baja, los buses PCI o PCIe salen ganando. Igualmente sucede si la aplicación requiere de robustez industrial. A favor del bus USB, decir que cuando se conecta un nuevo dispositivo, el servidor lo enumera y agrega el software necesario para que pueda funcionar.

El USB puede conectar los periféricos como ratones, teclados, escáneres, cámaras digitales, teléfonos móviles, reproductores multimedia, impresoras, discos duros externos, tarjetas de sonido, sistemas de adquisición de datos y componentes de red. Para dispositivos multimedia como escáneres y cámaras digitales, el USB se ha convertido en el método estándar de conexión. Para impresoras, el USB ha crecido tanto en popularidad que ha desplazado a un segundo plano a los puertos paralelos porque el USB hace mucho más sencillo el poder agregar más de una impresora a una computadora personal.

En el caso de los discos duros, es poco probable que el USB reemplace completamente a los buses (el ATA (IDE) y el SCSI), pues el USB tiene un rendimiento más lento que esos otros estándares. Sin embargo, el USB tiene una importante ventaja en su habilidad de poder instalar y desinstalar dispositivos sin tener que abrir el sistema, lo cual es útil para dispositivos de almacenamiento externo. Hoy en día, una gran parte de los fabricantes ofrece dispositivos USB portátiles que ofrecen un rendimiento casi indistinguible en comparación con los ATA (IDE). Por el contrario, el nuevo estándar Serial ATA permite tasas de transferencia de hasta aproximadamente 150/300 MB por segundo, y existe también la posibilidad de extracción en caliente e incluso una especificación para discos externos llamada eSATA.

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